Born in Germany and served an arenticeship with Gustav Ferron and Franz Wagner. Became partner in the firm Wagner & George in 1898. Made several bows stamped \'Wagner & George\'.
Born in Chicago. Worked for John Horteiner and the William Lewis firm in Chicago and later established own shop there. Used a handmade brand \'F. kovanda\'. Some bows utamped.
Born in Denmark, Paulsen worked for P.P. Adamsen and then for the Mills Novelty Co. in Chicago. Established own shop in Menistee. Itruments are branded with name and city on the back plate